资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
戏剧创作不可放逐表达意识****** 作者:夕 君 戏剧是人类古老的艺术形式,数千年来绵延至今,派生出不同的类型、风格、流派等,可以说蔚为大观。其中,针锋相对的观点、迥然有别的艺术实践对话、共存,也是一道风景。总的来说,持不同理论主张、开展不同艺术实践的戏剧人普遍注重戏剧的表达意识,即认为,戏剧的思想内容、舞美设计等是创作者主体精神、生命体验、生活经验等的表达与投射,凝结着创作者特定的文化、艺术诉求。说得直白一点,一部戏总得说点什么,哪怕表现的是荒诞甚至空虚,那也是有所表达的。 然而令人感到遗憾的是,实践并不总是与理论期待相符合,有些作品的表达意识相当淡漠,故事情节千篇一律,人物塑造千人一面,台词中充斥着大话、空话、套话,甚至将报纸、文件上的话成套、成段堆砌到剧本之中,在拾人牙慧、牙牙学语中,窥见思想的空洞、思考的阙如和态度的敷衍。有时,这类作品的主创还会以绚丽的声光电等手段掩盖表达意识的不足。令人稍觉慰藉的是,这类放逐了表达意识的、机械生产式的作品,几乎不会受到观众和市场的认可,甚至很少有人看,其造成不良影响的范围是很有限的,只是浪费了人力物力资源,仍很不妥。 戏剧创作放逐表达意识,有不同的表现形式,与无人问津的作品相比,艺术内核不坚固但观众数量庞大的作品更值得注意。随着戏剧发展的多元化,不少作品越来越强调观众的参与感、互动感,无论剧本创作还是舞台设计,都为观众的介入留足了空间。这类作品以创新的姿态挖掘戏剧的新的可能性,探索戏剧概念的边界,值得鼓励,然而一旦过于强调互动性,戏剧自身逻辑的完整性难免遭到破坏,创作主体的表达意识必然要向观众的参与和选择让步,二者如何调和,非常考验创作者的智慧和经验。 在某种浪潮汹涌之时,保持一定的克制和定力十分可贵。跨界融合没有问题,分寸、尺度至关重要。当戏剧大幅度、全方位地向观众“敞开”,其文学意味、表达意识被稀释乃至消解,戏剧和游戏、剧本杀、视觉秀等其他艺术形式、娱乐方式的差异及边界就逐渐变得模糊不清。有些作品,说它是戏剧,它似乎击穿了“第四堵墙”,侵入了观众的心理屏障;说它是游戏,它又很难像纯粹的游戏那样让观众毫无顾忌地投入,毕竟与看过剧本的职业演员一起演戏,这种压力对观众来说太大了些,很难放得开;说它是舞台秀、灯光秀,其科技含量、视听效果又很难达到观众期待的“大秀”的水平。 那么,问题就来了。放逐表达意识而一味追求与观众“打成一片”,戏剧究竟获得了解放还是陷入了尴尬?这个问题不容易回答,但可以做进一步、长时段观察。把自己“创新”成其他事物,这是否是戏剧创新的理想途径?这个问题也不容易回答,但值得认真考量。 在笔者看来,文艺工作者应该坚持以人民为中心的创作导向,时时刻刻将观众放在心中,这完全正确且非常必要。但是,尊重观众、为观众服务,并不意味着放逐自身表达意识,把剧本“写作权”交给观众,仅将戏剧视为让观众游乐其中的一场真人秀,怎么乐呵、怎么新鲜就怎么来。真正的创新应该是有内涵的,而不是让艺术坚守让位于商业逻辑、让精神共鸣让位于感官刺激。文艺作品、文化产品终归不同于一般的商品,仅仅满足消费者物质层面的“使用需求”是不够的。纵然不能一律要求戏剧为观众启智润心,也至少应该提供些许精神对话的场域、心灵慰藉的温度、审美愉悦的空间。做好本职工作,守护好文艺、文艺工作者的职责,这才是真正将观众放在了心上。哪怕创作者的追求仅是娱乐观众,内涵较为丰富、表达意识较强的作品,也往往能够达到更好的娱乐效果。 总之,对于戏剧创作来说,形式可以千变万化,理念可以不断更迭,但一定的表达意识总不该缺席。(夕君) (文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |